Our Projects

This project aims to establish the foundations for a future Smart Infrastructure “living lab” / centre of excellence by developing and piloting a high-quality, industry-informed microcredential / CPD initiative. Working closely with industry and further education partners and engaging both students and professionals, the initiative aims to demonstrate how net zero educational interventions can be flexible learning pathways aligned with real-world need. Moreover, the project will also establish the foundations for a future living lab or pilot centre of excellence through a feasibility study and preparing a follow-on funding proposal. Throughout, we will embed and monitor clear Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) commitments to inform the creation of a future flexible learning pathway that is accessible and representative of the communities it will serve.
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Objectives:
To develop an industry-ready microcredential / CPD in net-zero smart infrastructure.
To engage learners to stress-test the approach.
To deliver and monitor EDI KPIs.
To initiate a bid for follow-on funding to activate a living lab/pilot centre of excellence.
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Activities involved:
Co-design microcredential curriculum with industry and further education partners.
Embed and monitor EDI practices across all activities.
Evaluate programme impact and refine delivery.
Initiate a follow-on funding bid to establish a living lab/centre of excellence.

 Aims & Objectives
The project will assess and prepare the transition of key campus buildings and student residences toward a low-carbon, cost-efficient and future-ready estate. In support of UWS’s Strategy 2030 ambitions and its commitment to achieving net-zero operations by 2040, the project will evaluate the technical and financial feasibility of low-carbon heating, energy efficiency measures and fabric improvements across a selection of priority buildings. This work aims to reduce long-term energy costs, cut carbon emissions, and inform a strategic, evidence-based roadmap for wider retrofit delivery.
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Activities involved
Identify feasible low-carbon and efficiency technologies suited to UWS’s building stock.
Assess building fabric upgrade potential to reduce energy demand.
Provide a prioritised, costed pathway for future retrofit, piloting and deployment.
Strengthen UWS’s progress toward the UN Sustainable Development Goals and net-zero commitments

Aims
Assess whether a targeted education and awareness intervention can improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and support respiratory health among older adults with chronic conditions in sheltered housing, whilst saving energy.
Evaluate the operational feasibility of the intervention.
Explore the relationship between education sessions, tenant behavioural change, and measurable shifts in IEQ indicators.
Identify requirements for a larger Phase 2 study linking environmental exposures with clinical respiratory outcomes.
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Activities involved
The study will use ongoing AICO sensor data to establish baseline temperature, humidity and CO₂ levels. Tenants will be recruited, and will complete pre/post-intervention questionnaires assessing awareness and behaviours. Educational sessions will introduce tenants to the AICO app, providing practical guidance on interpreting IEQ data and managing ventilation and indoor pollutants. The University of Strathclyde will conduct thematic analysis of qualitative responses and statistical analysis of environmental data.

Context
Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects significantly influence heating and cooling demand in the UK’s dense urban building stock and affect outdoor thermal comfort. While UHI impacts on urban temperatures are well documented, detailed information on their spatial and temporal dynamics remains limited. This gap constrains accurate estimation of peak heating and cooling loads relevant to building and urban energy modelling. Current satellite-based UHI analyses face a trade-off: frequent weather observations offer low spatial resolution (2–3 km), while higher-resolution thermal sensors (~100 m) provide sparse temporal coverage. As a result, UHI variability at building and neighbourhood scales is poorly captured.
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Aims and Objectives
This project aims to generate satellite-derived LST datasets with both high spatial and temporal resolution to enable fine-grained UHI characterisation. The core objective is to downscale high-temporal, coarse-resolution thermal observations from EUMETSAT’s SEVIRI sensor while preserving temporal fidelity. A CatBoost machine-learning model will be trained using 100 m thermal observations from Landsat 8/9, supported by ancillary satellite-derived variables including vegetation and built-up indices, digital elevation models, and surface albedo.

The Built Environment Exchange is a platform approach to provide final and master’s year students with opportunities for industry internships, MSc scholarships and employability projects.
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It leverages available funding and opportunities to do this.
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Aims & Objectives
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Leverage Accelerate to Zero Postgraduate Scholarship funds to provide additional student opportunities via CeNZ High DB.
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Determine the transferability and scalability of beX for net zero upskilling and reskilling
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EDI assessment of beX for improved accessibility.
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Activities involved
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Raise awareness beX concept to multiple audiences
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Align learners with CeNZ working with external partners
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Provision of extra-curricular opportunities – BE-ST training events (i.e. low carbon passport), BE-ST fest and CeNZ workshops etc
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Undertaking an EDI review of beX, includes gathering data on who applies, enrols and completes (demographic patterns), whether recruitment/mentorship is inclusive and mapping of learner journey.
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Review recruitment and marketing, placement and progression barriers and propose positive/constructive enablers.
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Review accessibility of promotional materials (readability, language, formats, channels used) and collect learner feedback on clarity and accessibility of recruitment.
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Develop user personas mapping the learner journey and generate preliminary insights on learner inclusivity and participation patterns across the 2026/27 beX cohort to inform future cohorts.
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Transfer the approach to others with an emphasis on CeNZ partners

This project investigates how infrared (IR) panel heating systems can deliver improved comfort and lower energy use in real buildings. Focusing on the Ambion IR heating panel and its smart control platform, the project will develop a detailed thermal model of the panel, explore alternative control strategies, and calibrate these through controlled laboratory experiments. Using temperature sensors and surface/fabric measurements, the project will characterise the radiant heat profile under different operating conditions. This evidence will be used to refine the model and evaluate how sensor feedback and improved control can enhance performance across a range of building types, including social housing, private homes and public buildings.
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Aims & Objectives
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Build a physics-based model of the IR panel and its control system.
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Validate model predictions through laboratory thermal measurements.
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Compare advanced control strategies to identify routes to reduced energy demand and improved comfort.
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Produce guidance for real-world deployment and optimisation.

East Ayrshire Council, supported by CeNZ-HighDB (TWG1, TWG2, TWG4 and TWG5), is undertaking an whole-building performance project across three identical mid-rise blocks in Cumnock. Building on previous modelling of a vacant block, this new phase moves beyond simulation to real-world measurement, validating how different levels of fabric upgrades interact with low-carbon heating and hot-water systems. The project will collect detailed pre- and post-retrofit data on building fabric performance, indoor environmental conditions, and occupant comfort. Three fabric upgrade levels – low, medium and high – will be applied across the blocks, enabling direct comparison of outcomes and value for money.

BE-ST / CeNZ High DB will deliver a focused research and engagement programme exploring the adoption of PlanBEE – Higher Level Apprenticeships to Scotland and its EDI implications. PlanBee is and industry driven, higher level skills programme delivered over an intensive two-year rotational apprenticeship in design, construction and management. The long-term opportunity is to establish an industry-led pathway that identifies individuals and provides a fast-track route for career development, delivered collaboratively with employers / partners.
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Aims & Objectives
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Ensure EDI is embedded and visible within the full feasibility study.
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Identify recruitment, placement and progression barriers and propose positive/constructive enablers.
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Develop user personas (illustrative examples) to help employers and stakeholders how the model works around different learners.
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Assess Plan BEE-ESES can widen participation for under-represented groups (gender, disability, ethnic minorities, and low-income backgrounds, SIMD regions).

BE-ST / CeNZ High DB will deliver a focused research and engagement programme exploring the adoption of PlanBEE – Higher Level Apprenticeships to Scotland and its EDI implications. PlanBee is and industry driven, higher level skills programme delivered over an intensive two-year rotational apprenticeship in design, construction and management. The long-term opportunity is to establish an industry-led pathway that identifies individuals and provides a fast-track route for career development, delivered collaboratively with employers / partners.
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Aims & Objectives
• Ensure EDI is embedded and visible within the full feasibility study.
• Identify recruitment, placement and progression barriers and propose positive/constructive enablers.
• Develop user personas (illustrative examples) to help employers and stakeholders how the model works around different learners.
• Assess Plan BEE-ESES can widen participation for under-represented groups (gender, disability, ethnic minorities, and low-income backgrounds, SIMD regions).
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Activities involved
• Provide EDI guidance to frame the workshops during the WP1.
• Support during WP2 to embed 1-2-1 interviews, and focus groups with EDI perspectives (access, barriers, support, inclusion) embedded within the interview questions and discussion guide.
• WP3: Review feasibility reports to ensure accurate and practical EDI coverage.

Aims & Objectives
The project aim is to enhance the established archetype methodology based on Wall method of construction (W-MoC) produced in REMP phase one, focusing to archetype and retrofitting challenges of non-standard/non-traditional domestic buildings type.
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Objectives:
1. To identify archetype details for non-traditional housing types through home visits, Housing Association datasets, geographical details and literatures.
2. To expand archetype details for pre-1919 traditional housing types through home visits, Historic Environmental Scotland datasets.
3. To verify and expand archetype details for other housing types which are found lacking in REMP1 through home visits, assessing Local Authority condition surveys and asset data.
4. To develop archetype easy-to-use digital tool and user interface and become available to LA’s across the REMP members and expand to wider use.
5. To enhanced Climate Action Map, a digital mapping interface with the refine housing archetypes.
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Activities involved
1. Home visits to identify details for non-traditional, pre-1919 housing types and other
archetypes lacking information across the local authorities’ areas involved.
2. Literature scoping for missing housing details, especially the non-traditional archetype.
3. Data integration to REMP1 W-MoC Archetype using datasets from Local authorities, Historic
Environmental Scotland, and asset data.
4. Refinement of Climate Action Map with the enhanced archetype data.

Aims & Objectives
The DeLTeFrame project will develop an energy modelling software test & validation framework that will be applied to Scene’s ZUoS software. This will integrate three layers: 1) empirical validation against well-defined, high-resolution test house data; 2) inter-model comparison using well-documented archetypes (including BESTEST) and 3) validation against large, low-resolution smart meter datasets; this approach will progressively build confidence amongst stakeholders (lenders, householders, utilities, etc) in ZUoS’s ability to generate representative performance data.
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The resulting data and models will be integrated into the test framework, allowing replication of tests, as ZUoS evolves.
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ZUoS uses limited data sources including EPCs, smart meter readings and weather data to generate a dynamic energy performance simulation model. Validation of ZUoS’s ability to predict the impact of retrofit measures on energy performance could pave the way for “pay as you save” financing approaches to retrofit, using simulated output.
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Activities involved
1. Empirical validation against a well-monitored and documented dwelling.
2. Inter-model validation against a well-documented set of archetypes, including BESTEST.
3. Empirical testing against smart meter data, sensitivity analysis and calibration.
4. ZUoS QA test environment development, integrating all validation layers and datasets.

Aims & Objectives
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This project aims to investigate how geothermal, or ground-source heating can contribute to sustainable/green heating of retrofitted buildings using a communal ground-source approach Using a case study, the project will: (i) determine the differences in building heat demand according to varying insulation fabric levels; (ii) determine any future impact on building heat demand as a result of global warming over some decades; (iii) investigate the resulting impact of varying heat demands on the sustainability of the shared ground-source heating; (iv) investigate the impact of different geological settings on the performance of the geothermal heating system.
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Activities involved
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The project involves four major activities:
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Site selection and data gathering: One of the sites considered by Wheatley for retrofit will be chosen and relevant data on building types, geology, weather etc. of the area collated. One visit is planned to the building to take more data from the building and talk to few residents. The potential site is with the Cranhill area of Glasgow.
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Building Energy Simulation: The data will be used to develop a model of the building to simulate the energy needs considering different levels of insulation corresponding to varying EPC ratings. The ESP-r or IESVE software will be used. There is currently no energy demand data for the building. Thus, this would be a valuable outcome of the project.
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Geothermal System Modelling: Using the heat demand from the buildings, the operation of a ground-source heating system will be simulated including a parametric analysis of different operating parameters like flow rate of the heat transfer fluid and the optimization of the operation strategy of the shared ground-source heating system. The software OpenGeoSys will be coupled to TESPy for modelling.
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Based on the shared-ground loop suitability map, another area will be considered using the same building specifications but different geology to investigate the wider applicability of the analysis.

Aims & Objectives
This pilot project will demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of retrofitting infrared (IR) heating panels in social housing. Working with a social housing landlord (SHL) and an IR panel manufacturer, the project will initially focus on 10 void properties to understand property fabric, heating performance, energy efficiency, and tenant experience. The trial aims to establish baseline energy and comfort data, validate the effectiveness of IR panels, and explore the potential for scalable deployment in tenanted homes. Successful implementation could improve thermal comfort, reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and inform future low-carbon heating strategies for social housing.
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Activities involved
• Assess baseline energy performance and thermal comfort in void properties.
• Design, install, and commission IR panels with appropriate specifications.
• Monitor and validate energy savings, comfort improvements, and system performance.
• Develop evidence-based guidance for future rollout in occupied homes.
• Support iterative improvements through a soft-landing phase.
• Assess cost effectiveness for SHL and compare against similar retrofits and alternative technologies

Project Aim
This project is a technical R&D and educational capacity-building programme focused on digitalising decarbonising retrofitting, simulation validation, and dissemination. The project aims to scale sustainable retrofitting by developing an innovative Retrofit Challenge Toolkit, immersive CPD resources and applied research. Anchored in the deep retrofit of the Scottish National Retrofit Centre (SNRC), the project will deliver a transferable model to strengthen decision-making, education, and industry collaboration. This initiative directly supports the UK’s Net Zero 2050 target, and wider global sustainability and circular economy goals.
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Objectives
• Develop a Retrofit Challenge Toolkit integrating EIA and lifecycle assessment.
• Produce CPD micro-credential, co-created with Wholus and delivered via ENU platforms, to build future workforce capability.
• Advance knowledge exchange through international collaboration with China, embedding retrofitting into MSc teaching, micro-credentials, and CPD training.
• Generate new insights into the role of digital innovation in retrofit pathways, disseminated through high-impact publication and conferences.
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Key Activities
1. Project Setup & Gap Analysis
2. Retrofit Challenge Toolkit Development
3. Knowledge Exchange & International Collaboration
4. CPD Development, outreach & Legacy Building
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This collaboration unites academic expertise, industry innovation, and international networks, positioning retrofitting as a driver of education, innovation, and global sustainability impact.

Aims & Objectives
To assess the thermal performance of full-scale representation models (test ‘ice’ boxes) built to Passivhaus and Building Regulations standards and create a series of educational outputs related to net zero housing. These research and educational outputs will augment a Channel 4 production on retrofit which will have a TV audience of up to 2 million viewers in 2026 with follow on worldwide broadcast the following year providing opportunity for significant CeNZ outreach.
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Activities involved
• Thermal performance assessment of the full-scale representation models (test boxes) built to Passivhaus and Building Regulations standards, including evaluation of thermal transmittance of building fabric components (walls, floor, roof and window) and airtightness testing.
• The collation of information pertaining to the above with the provision of appropriate research support on LCA, Desing for Manufacture and Assemble, Building Performance Evaluation, Logistics and Cost.
• The curation of educational content and learning exercises relating to this within the themes of Sustainability & Construction; Materials for the Built Environment and Digital Tech and Building Performance
• Creation of a “Tool kit” educational package with respect to the above and at least 1 academic output or presentation at a relevant outreach event.

Aims & Objectives
Govan Old Church is a Category A listed building built in 1888 in the process of replacing its gas heating system with a river-source heat pump. This project aims to understand the barriers and facilitators to conversion of carbon intensive heating to renewable heating systems in the context of listed and historic buildings. Thus, a route to successful implementation of renewable heating in this setting may identified allowing others embarking on such a program to avoid pitfalls and accelerate realisation of their vision.
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Activities involved
• Stakeholder consultation and focused workshops
• Data collection on site
• Identification of similar sites
• Benchmarking of temperature and humidity conditions

Aims & Objectives
This project will deliver an inclusive, curriculum-linked STEM challenge to schools across the Edinburgh and Southeast Scotland City Region. Drawing on real-world engineering in high-density regeneration and retrofit, the “Construct a Crane” challenge allows pupils to explore the logistical solutions required for net-zero construction (e.g. deployment of construction techniques, movement of prefabricated modules into high dense areas, complex-built environments)
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The project will reach up to 25 schools, 600 pupils (P6-S2), and a further 1,000–2,000 pupils nationally through Scottish Government funded expansion targeted toward areas of high deprivation to ensure equitable access and broaden participation in STEM.
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Activities involved
Activities will include kit development, teacher support, industry volunteer engagement, and remote/hybrid judging of final models. Participants will explore careers in sustainable construction and engineering, with CeNZ co-developed branding and messaging in all kits, guides and an online CPD session. CeNZ-HighDB logo will feature on all kits, Stemovators website, our annual report, our end of year impact report and in any external presentations.

Programme Delivery
Next Gen is centred on practical, experiential learning, setting it apart from conventional initiatives. Delivered over a full-day experience, young people take on roles within a simulated built environment team to collaboratively design an inclusive and sustainable ‘eco classroom’.
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Inclusive, Impact-Driven Engagement BE-ST delivers inclusive learning through the DIveIN initiative, funded by the Scottish Government’s Workplace Equality Fund (2022–2024). Drawing from our work with rural and marginalised communities, we ensure accessible, welcoming environments that reflect Scotland’s diversity.
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Next Gen builds on this foundation to offer inclusive, hands-on experiences where students from all backgrounds explore sustainability, develop leadership skills, and discover career pathways in the built environment.
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This programme of delivery aligns with TWG-VI deliverables around EDI with a focused on meaningful youth engagement, the initiative supports skill development, confidence building, and real-world experience. By addressing the broader impacts of poverty, including education, mental wellbeing, and future opportunities, it aims to remove barriers and empower young people.

Aims & Objectives
This project investigates the real-world performance and user integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems and energy storage management technologies in retrofitted social housing developments in Lancaster District. It aims to assess the effectiveness of installed systems in reducing energy costs and carbon emissions, with a particular focus on user interaction and behavioural factors. The research will support Lancaster City Council’s Local Area Energy Plan, support for DM30a of the adopted Local Plan, as well as generating increased support for future applications for funding, including to the UK Government’s Social Housing Decarbonisation Fund.
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The study has three key objectives:
1. Performance Evaluation: To monitor and evaluate the technical effectiveness and energy performance of PV/battery systems in selected social homes.
2. User Handover and Guidance: To develop a user-centred guide that improves the handover process and ensures residents understand how to use the new energy systems effectively.
3. Resident Education: To examine the role of user knowledge and behaviour in optimising energy outcomes, and to propose targeted educational strategies that support long-term engagement.
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By combining technical performance data with qualitative insights from residents, the project aims to bridge the gap between technology provision and meaningful decarbonisation outcomes in the social housing sector.

Aim
Decarbonise the installation components of Heat Pumps by replacing concrete plinth with a composite manufactured alternative made from recycled glass, which will improve the overall performance and reduce the need for concrete in the installation.
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Objectives
1. Develop a high-density heat pump plinth base from recycled glass which performs better than the conventional concrete plinth (VASO HBBP). This involves the measurement of thermal properties, durability, fire resistance, vibration damping, etc.
2. Testing and development of VASO HPBP in lab setting with heat pump manufacturer and with actual building and environment in case study property.
3. Quantify the environmental savings of the newly developed plinth (CO2 emission saving). Quantify the cost values of the materials

This project develops a robust methodology to develop a Digital Twins of Historic Building Estates aimed at supported a scalable range of use cases. This project will specifically focus on smart energy and building occupancy management, as well as building fabric monitoring and repair, which are core to achieving net-zero estate operation and management.
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The project contributes to the foundational aspects of DTs for building estate owners with: an open data model framework based on established ontologies and Linked Data best practice, to ease deployment, ensure long-term relevance and scalability for future extension towards other data domains and broader integration with other parts of the built environment, such as urban infrastructure. The data model integrates data from various domains including: building product, materials, IoT, building damage, building energy, comfort, circular economy. The project also makes significant contributions towards delivering Digital Building Passports (DBP).
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A prototype DT solution is developed with focus on multimodal data visualisation and its potential benefits to large estate owners and management (e.g. universities, HES, EWH, city councils, DoD, etc.) illustrated using two unique historic estates: the University of Edinburgh Central Campus, and the UNESCO Edinburgh World Heritage (EWH), with additional support from Bentley Systems.

This project explores how external wall insulation (EWI) influences indoor environmental conditions, and how digital tools can support tenant behaviour in high-density social housing. Using Nooku sensors and light-touch behavioural prompts, the study will monitor homes with and without EWI to understand how ventilation and heating behaviours impact indoor air quality. The aim is to empower tenants to manage their environments while providing landlords with actionable data to guide post-retrofit support. Findings will inform best practice for retrofit delivery, contribute to healthier, low-carbon housing, and generate publishable insights on behaviour and environmental management in dense urban contexts.

This project supports the CeNZ-HighDB TWG VI’s mission to develop inclusive, future-ready skills for the transition to a low-carbon built environment. In collaboration with HCI Skills Gateway, Vital Energi and Powering Futures, CeNZ-HighDB will co-design and deliver a sustainability-focused challenge as part of a 30-week SCQF Level 6 qualification programme.
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Aims & Objectives
To prepare the next generation of learners to engage with the net-zero built environment through inclusive, challenge-led education.
– To pilot and evidence, a scalable, inclusive model of skills development for the future net-zero workforce.
– The 30-week school programme will serve as a live testbed for collecting data on learner engagement, demographic reach (including those from underrepresented and underserved communities) skill development, and industry interaction.
– Raise awareness of built environment career pathways, particularly in high-density, net-zero housing, through the Powering Futures Next Steps platform and industry engagement.
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Activities involved
The funded activity includes co-designing and delivering a challenge (e.g. net-zero/sustainability/Skills-focused). It also supports wider engagement through the Powering Futures “Next Steps” platform, raising awareness of STEM and built environment careers.

Aim
This project aims to conduct an integrity check (spot check) and assess seasonal hygrothermal performance and energy use and air quality of case study properties retrofitted with expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads insulation injected into lath-and-plaster cavities of traditional solid stone walls.
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Objectives
1. To undertake a spot check and assess on any signs of condensation build-up in recently retrofitted solid stone walls with EPS beads insulation in the lath-and-plaster cavities.
2. To assess the seasonal risk of interstitial condensation build-up in solid stone walls with EPS beads insulation installed behind the lath-and-plaster cavities of existing dwellings, including the material behaviour and efficacy.
3. To assess energy and air quality using the monitored data obtained from ‘Switchee’, a smart thermostat used in the case study properties, in-situ monitored data of this study and compare againstcondensations in wall analysis data(WUFI).
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Activities involved and Methods
1. Short-term moisture risk monitoring through in-situ deployment of sensor in the cases study wall cavity injected with EPS beads, under void occupancy conditions, with space heating programmed to reflect a typical occupancy pattern over one week.
2. Long-term monitoring and assessment of 10 properties retrofitted with EPS bead insulation for 12-month period consisting of thermal transmission (U-value) in-situ monitoring, risks of interstitial condensation using temperature and humidity in-situ hygro probes and airtightness test to measure building air leakage.
3. Energy and air quality analysis using ‘Switchee’ data, to obtain summary data and a measure of performance post-retrofit.
4. Rapid post-occupancy survey to assess occupant perceptions and attitudes post-retrofit.

Aims & Objectives
Edinburgh College have undergone a revolutionary change from a legacy gas system to a combined ASHP/WSHP system at one of their 5 campuses. This could become a re-use format for Edinburgh College, and other Scottish colleges, to upgrade high density campuses to Net Zero heating and cooling systems. The system will have been running for 1 year and have faced the winter season. Using data from the system and insights from designers we aim to produce a comprehensive, evidence-based case study documenting the design, installation, and post- occupancy performance of the renewable heating upgrade at Edinburgh College’s Midlothian Campus.
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Activities involved
Define key messages, objectives, and target in design stages
Data collection, stakeholder consultation
Analyse how the system operates across different modes/seasons
Review post-occupancy performance and operational insights
Case Study Drafting
Visual Design & Supporting Materials
Review and Sign-Off

The proposed project will build strategically on the learnings and successes of HCI and create wider connectivity of the findings beyond the ESES region across Scotland and the rUK raising the profile internationally where possible. Utilising the HCI experience, building upon its partnerships and the interventions deployed the project will create a structured future-ready skills framework facilitating the formation of a “Knowledge Hub” or connected network to maximise resource efficiency and create the necessary conditions for EDI, skills and training interventions in Net Zero Built Environment at scale.  

Aim
The aim of the project is to review the retrofit approach, assess improvements in energy and thermal performance, and gather occupant’s feedback post-retrofit of a pre-1919 solid stone Grade A listed dwelling.
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Objectives
1. Review the applied a building retrofit approach,
2. Assess thermal performance and energy efficiency improvements post-retrofit,
3. Assess post-occupancy, focusing on thermal comfort, occupant satisfaction and adaptation to
retrofit technology; air source heat pumps,
4. Assess improvement in energy use post-retrofit, compared to pre-retrofit.
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Activities involved
1. Interview with architects
2. Envelope performance evaluation using in-situ monitoring tools,
3. Occupant survey
4. Energy use analysis